At different stages from the late 1970s onwards, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, without exception, moved in the direction of market-oriented policies of economic reform. That is, they shifted from using public policy instruments, such as regulation or public ownership of enterprise, to a greater reliance on market mechanisms and incentives to increase economic welfare. Similarly, traditional public interest goals, such as universal and equitable access to services and safety and environmental concerns, were increasingly met within a competitive framework.